Well equipment diagram with pump and fittings. Construction of a water well with your own hands: video and photos. Self-construction of a deep well

The lack of high-quality water supply makes us think about autonomous arrangement of the system. A private well will add comfort to residents of a private house. But to put a drilled well into operation, it needs to be properly equipped.

Peculiarities

Specialists from drilling companies know well what equipment for constructing a water well may be required. If you decide to carry out this work yourself, then it is worth studying the features of the well arrangement in more detail. The work usually involves developing a shaft and installing special equipment into it. For a water well the following is required:

caisson;
pump;
autonomous power supply;
head.

The installation of a water well should ensure:

water purity;
frost protection;
conditions for connecting service equipment.

Features of installation of equipment for a well must be taken into account at the initial stage. After all, it can be installed both inside the house and near the well. The second option involves the construction of an additional room, the area of which should be sufficient for all technical means.

A constructed room near the well is considered more convenient, as it facilitates the installation of pumping equipment, as well as its installation. At the construction stage, a water pipe is inserted into the well, and electrical power is supplied to the pump.

The following are considered as additional equipment:

filters for water purification;
pressure gauges;
relay for pump;
automation for control.

Excavation work also has its own characteristics, since if you take into account some nuances you can significantly save on the purchase of pipes. For example, if the location for the well is chosen near the house, then not only the volume of required pipes will be reduced, but also the volume of excavation work.

In addition, if the water source is close to the building, a very powerful pump will not be required. After all, the unit does not need to transport water over too long distances. The pump power must be sufficient to lift water from depth.

If we take a closer look at the features of drilling, we will see that different methods and mechanical devices will be used for this. For example, it is more convenient to organize a well for personal needs using a hand drill. Farms often use special impact devices or power tools. You can’t just choose one tool or another.

The specific equipment taken is suitable for the characteristics of the soil. Carrying out work with a hand drill is the most labor-intensive, but under certain conditions, the owner of a private house may be able to drill a well up to 15 m deep. Is there a need for a well of such depth? The diagram will help you figure it out.

Scheme

It is better to initially take into account the required water supply option in the project. Productivity, equipment life, optimal performance, and water quality will depend on the correctness of the chosen water supply system. Let's consider possible options for constructing standard wells on the site.

For example, a water well at a dacha in the summer may look like an Abyssinian-type tube well. The depth of the water pipe can reach 12 meters. At the same time, for a water supply system of this type, a narrow pipe is sufficient. Abyssinian-type wells are usually not contaminated by high waters, and surface debris does not fall into them.

If a private house needs water from a winter well, then an artesian version is installed.

Estimates for an artesian well are usually prepared by collective farms, since this is an expensive pleasure. Such a well needs to be drilled from 50 to 200 meters deep. The arrangement is complicated by the fact that after drilling an artesian well, you can get a self-flow. In a self-flowing well, water will rise outward without a pump. The water is under constant pressure and flows out. Construction of such a well is usually more expensive, since additional costs are required. There are two ways to arrange this:

Make a well with a caisson.
Equip with a summer faucet. In this case, water will constantly flow from the mouth.

For one private property, it is easier to equip a sand well. The service life of these wells is shorter than that of the previous option, since silting occurs quite quickly, but unlike an artesian well, self-flowing practically does not happen here.

A caisson for a well is a sealed reservoir that protects the water source from contamination and freezing. Modern caissons have the following advantages:

save space inside the house;
do not need thermal insulation;
are not subject to corrosive processes;
They have a molded body made of high-quality plastic.

For equipment in a private home, cylindrical containers with a diameter of approximately 100 cm and a height of 200 cm are recommended. The summer option is convenient for watering. To prevent this summer option from freezing in winter, a slope is made from the self-flowing well, where water will constantly flow. Your spring on the site will not freeze, since the water temperature is about plus five degrees.

It is absolutely impossible to shut off the water in such a well for the winter. The pipes will burst, water will flow all over the area, and you will end up with a swamp. If you entrust the construction of a well to unqualified drillers, you can easily end up with a pond on a plot with a vegetable garden. Therefore, it is important here to weigh the pros and cons, and without experience, it is better to understand the theory of the process of drilling various types of wells with your own hands.

Drilling

Forming a well on the site is impossible without special equipment. In private households, a shock-rope device is more often used, which looks simple but works effectively. The working mechanism is a supporting tripod with a driving device. The tripod structure requires metal pipes that are connected to each other by welding. A device called a “glass” is connected by a winch to a cable. The height of the support is firmly linked to the length of the driving unit. Metal pipes connected to each other should be 1.5–2 m higher than the “glass”.

Next, do-it-yourself drilling occurs using a winch.
Drive the “glass” into the designated work area in a private yard. With its help, soil is removed from the site.

The device rises and is released from the ground. The steps must be repeated until the required depth is obtained.

To determine the depth of the well, it is important to consider the following.

The level of occurrence of an aquifer in a specific area.
Household needs and domestic water needs.

After completing the drilling process, it is recommended to immediately place a casing pipe in the well. It is securely fixed with as tight a fit as possible to the ground. This pipe is also called casing. It will protect against collapse and allow the mined rock to get inside.

When choosing a casing, it is worth considering that it must withstand heavy loads. In addition to mechanical strength, the pipe must not be prone to corrosion. The material must withstand pressure. Asbestos cement pipes are the most famous and frequently used for wells. The catch with using such products is that if the well silts up, it can no longer be restored. Currently, manufacturers offer casing products from the following materials:

steel;
plastic;
tree.

Steel products are expensive and leave a characteristic metallic aftertaste in the water. Plastic pipes appeared on the market not so long ago, but they already surpass their competitors in many characteristics. The taste of the water does not spoil; it is cheap compared to asbestos-cement options.

Wooden pipes for wells are little known even to specialists, as they are rarely used today. Variants of these pipes are not very durable.

Having selected and installed the casing pipe for the drilled well, you can proceed to the installation of equipment.

Installation of equipment

The equipment must ensure stable water supply. For uninterrupted supply, there are different types of pumps, and they require electrical power to operate. The simplest option for arranging a site for well equipment is a pit. The undeniable advantage of such a platform is that it can be made from scrap materials.

The rules for arranging a pit imply the mandatory presence of a pit with a depth of at least 1.5 meters. The pit is reinforced with concrete rings or wooden formwork. The finishing can be brick, but the masonry will have to be additionally waterproofed. Poor tightness is the main drawback of the pit.

Due to the fact that moisture can get into the pit, experts recommend this type of equipment platform as an adapter. Methods for arranging sites with an adapter imply that the casing plays the role of a caisson. The method can be used if the casing is arranged in one container and the tightness of the pipes is ensured. For this case, pipes are usually selected from steel. Plastic is not recommended for the adapter design since the pump is attached to the water pipe rather than suspended by a cable.

Another option for a site for arranging equipment is the caisson mentioned above. This is a sealed container that is considered reliable and durable. You can equip the container ready-made or make it yourself. Caissons are made of plastic or steel. Plastic ones are sealed, weigh little, and are easy to install. Steel options are sealed and reliable, but require treatment with anti-corrosion compounds and are more expensive. The equipment is installed after the site has been installed, and it is important to take into account some nuances.

Important nuances

If the land on the site is fertile, and if the surface layer is destroyed, it will have to be restored, it is preferable to use cluster drilling. Cluster drilling reduces backfilling work and reduces the cost of resource extraction. Any work on the site can begin only after studying the groundwater level. If this level is high, it is better to locate the protective room on the surface rather than deepen it underground.

It is extremely important to select and secure the correct pump. The role of equipment is extremely important for an autonomous water supply system. For wells, it is customary to choose submersible pumps, as they have better performance. But when choosing, it is important not to overdo it, since the size of the hydraulic structure itself will be an important parameter. The length of the drains is also taken into account. For example, with a water intake structure height of 33 meters, the pressure in the system should be from 1.4 to 3 atmospheres.

The pump must not be installed in an uncleaned well. Pump dirty water with a pump or other, less expensive equipment. It is important to secure the pump inside so that it is completely submerged in water, but does not reach the bottom of the hydraulic structure at least a meter. The power cable is installed at the same time as the pump. It should already be hermetically sealed.

For constant support and the ability to change the operating pressure, a hydraulic accumulator is needed. The container will ensure storage of a minimum water supply. Modern equipment of this type is a single structure, the main distinguishing feature of which is capacity. For example, for country houses, a capacity of up to 55 liters is sufficient, and for hotels and boarding houses, devices from 100 to 950 liters are selected.

An important well protection device is the well cap. Typically, the device is equipped with holes for installing water pipes and power cables. The cap protects the structure from biological and other contamination.

The design of the head includes the following parts:

carabiner, flange;
rubber rings;
fasteners;
covers.

If the well is equipped with a head, then the column is cut off during installation. The cut is cleaned and treated with anti-corrosion agents.

The pump power cable is inserted through the inlet cover of the water pipe.
The pump is connected to the pipe, and the hanging end of the cable is secured with a carabiner.
The flange is fixed to the column, and a sealing ring is installed on top.
Next, the pump is immersed to the bottom of the well, and the head cover is fixed with bolts.

To protect the well and equipment from external pollution, atmospheric phenomena and vandals, it must be properly equipped. Agree, comfort when using a water intake, servicing equipment and pipelines is as important as its safety. How to protect while ensuring ease of use?

For those who want to install a water well with their own hands, we will tell you how to do it correctly. We'll tell you which option is best to choose for your source. Here you will learn how to independently build a caisson for a well head, how to install an adapter, and also where to place the hydraulic accumulator.

A detailed description of methods and technologies for equipping a personal hydraulic structure is based on regulatory documentation and the experience of well owners. The information presented for review is supplemented by visual diagrams, photo selections, and video tutorials.

After the well is drilled and before the water supply in the house is supplied from it, the source is arranged, the water supply equipment is selected and installed.

What problems does the installation of a water intake well solve:

Ensuring the purity of the source. Do not allow contamination from the surface to enter the well: dust, rain or melt water.
Protecting the water supply source, equipment and pipelines from freezing.
Formation of conditions for connecting and servicing equipment.

Water supply equipment (except for a submersible pump) can be installed both in the house and next to the well. In the latter case, it is necessary to have a technical room of sufficient area at the wellhead where this equipment will be installed.

But even when installing it in a house, having a small room at the outlet of the pipeline from the well is very convenient; this greatly facilitates its maintenance. The insertion of a water pipe into the well, as well as the supply of power to the submersible pump, is also carried out at the construction stage.

The purpose of constructing a well is to protect the source of water supply from atmospheric influences, ensure the entry of communications, convenient installation and maintenance of equipment

Selection and installation of equipment for water supply

Equipment for individual water supply consists of the following elements:

Pump, it can be submersible or located on the surface.
Automation, which controls the operation of the pump and protects it from overloads.
Hydraulic accumulator, open or closed (membrane tank). The latter is preferable, it ensures stable pressure in the water supply.

An open water storage tank must be installed at the highest point of the water supply system, in the attic or under the ceiling of the upper floor. A closed container has no restrictions on the installation location.

The nature of the well arrangement is largely determined by the type and location of installation of the water supply equipment. Let's consider the main options for equipping the source with equipment.

Surface pump for shallow well

With its help, a water pipe coming from the house can be inserted directly into the well casing. No caisson is needed. True, if maintenance is necessary, the adapter will have to be dug up, because it is located in the ground. But the need for this rarely arises.

The downhole adapter is a collapsible fitting consisting of two parts: external and internal. The outer part is located outside the casing and serves to connect to the water pipe going into the house.

The pipe from the pump is connected to the corresponding internal part. Both parts of the adapter, connecting on the casing, have a radius shape that follows the diameter of the barrel. The elements are connected through a double hermetic seal.

The adapter is in the casing, inserted into a pre-drilled hole. When installing, carefully check the tightness of the connections.

The adapter must be placed below the freezing depth of the soil and installation must be carried out with special care. The casing remains on the surface of the ground, it is left protruding slightly above ground level. A cover is mounted on top into which an electric cable is inserted to power the submersible pump.

In severe frosts, the cold will penetrate into the well through the casing pipe. Therefore, if winter temperatures drop below -20 °C, we recommend covering the well for the winter with spruce paws, straw, or insulating it in another way.

The only significant advantage of the adapter over the caisson is its low cost. Among the disadvantages: the difficulty of servicing the equipment, poor protection from mechanical damage to the electrical cable, less reliable pump suspension (it is not supported by a cable, but only by a water pipe).

And yes, water supply equipment can only be installed in the house. You can mount the adapter yourself, but you will need a special wrench with a long attachment, some technical skill and a lot of patience.

In conclusion, let’s say that the “cheap and cheerful” downhole adapter is really cheap. However, it cannot always be used and does not provide the same level of source protection and durability as a caisson.

We hope that from the above it is generally clear how you can equip a well with your own hands.

Let us give our readers some useful tips:

If the groundwater level in the area is high and located above the freezing depth of the soil, it is better to locate the protective room on the surface rather than underground. Or use an adapter.
In a house with year-round use, try to place water supply equipment in the main building: plenty of space, warm and dry. It is convenient to maintain, the equipment will last longer.
It is better to place equipment for a home with seasonal residence in an underground caisson. An unheated house will freeze, but the temperature in the caisson will remain positive. By the way, you need to remember to drain the water in your country house for the winter if you will not live in it for more than a week.
In problematic soils (heaving, with inclusions of crushed stone with sharp edges, in quicksand), it is advisable to run the water pipe from the house to the caisson or adapter in a protective casing. Always place the electrical cable in a protective HDPE pipe.
It is best to connect hydraulic equipment to the system through shut-off valves with detachable connections. If necessary, it will be easy to service or replace.
Do not forget that, regardless of the type of equipment, the connection diagram must include a check valve after the pump and a coarse filter before the accumulator.

Among other things, during operation it is necessary to monitor the pressure level in the pneumatic element of the membrane tank. Check monthly and refill if necessary.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

Finally, videos clearly showing the process of developing a source of underground water.

Video #1. The process of self-construction of an insulated caisson from concrete rings and introducing water supply into the house:

Video #1. Economical well development - self-installation of a well adapter:

Proper arrangement of a source of individual water supply guarantees excellent water quality and will eliminate problems with repair and periodic maintenance of well equipment.

Can a well be drilled at a dacha with your own hands? Where is the best place to place it? What equipment will be needed for drilling? How to prevent walls from crumbling? We will try to answer these and many other questions in the article.

Opportunity

First, let’s find out whether it is possible in our case to build a well in a dacha with our own hands.

Let's start with some general comments.

There are two types of well drilling - for sand (that is, to the upper aquifer) and for limestone (artesian wells). There is no clear depth boundary separating one type from another - it all depends on the structure of the soil layers underfoot. Without the involvement of heavy equipment, it is quite possible to drill only a well of the first type - if the aquifer is located no deeper than 20-25 meters.

Tip: You can find out the presence of water and the depth of its occurrence by interviewing your neighbors. Surely among them there is at least one owner of a well or a deep well. An alternative is to conduct vertical electrical sounding (VES), which allows you to accurately determine the composition of soil layers without drilling.

The only insurmountable obstacle when drilling is a thick rock formation. It is impossible to defeat him without using heavy equipment. There is no need to worry about clayey soils on the surface: the first aquifer is usually found underneath them at a relatively shallow depth.

Location

Where should the well be located?

If geological studies have not been carried out, then the most reasonable place to locate the well is at the lowest point of your site. The instruction is connected with simple logic: provided that the aquifer in the lowland is directed horizontally, it is closer to the surface.

On the horizontal section you can assume:

For reasons of your own convenience, place the well 3-5 meters from the house. The inlet is usually laid below the ground freezing level; We are not interested in digging a deep and long trench.
For reasons of maximum water purity. The drilling point should be as far as possible from sources of soil contamination: compost and cesspool pits, street toilets and septic tank filter wells.

Drilling

How to make a well with your own hands in the country after you have decided on its location?

Pit

Let's start with arranging a pit - a recess at the wellhead that performs several functions at once.

The top layer of soil is the most loose and will tend to crumble with each drill excavation. By removing it and strengthening the walls of the pit, we will completely get rid of this problem.
The pit will allow, if necessary, to raise the pump, despite the inlet laid in the ground below the freezing point.
Finally, it provides insulation of the wellhead, preventing the freezing of vapors.

How to do this job?

A pit is being dug. Its horizontal dimensions should ideally allow a person to descend into it; depth - slightly below the soil freezing level. The shape is at your discretion: both round and square pits are constructed.
Along the perimeter of the pit, a depression of 10-15 centimeters is dug, in which a ring bedding of crushed stone or sand is formed. The bedding is compacted as much as possible.

Tip: for maximum shrinkage, just pour plenty of water on the sand.

A concrete pad is laid over the bedding, on which half-brick walls are erected. Red ceramic bricks are used. An alternative is to construct formwork and pour reinforced concrete walls.

After drilling is completed and all the well piping is installed, the bottom of the pit around the casing pipe is compacted with clay (a clay castle is formed that will prevent the flow of water from the surface to the aquifer). Then the bottom is covered with a thin layer of crushed stone.

The top of the pit is covered with a reinforced concrete slab with a hatch or simply covered with thick boards. It is advisable that the pit cover be insulated, first of all, if it is not much deeper than the freezing level of the soil.

Equipment and drilling process

In the simplest version, the set of equipment includes:

Drill handle- a lever with which the drill string will be set in motion.
Tip- what will actually be used to excavate the soil. Most often, conventional augers are used (externally similar to a meat grinder auger, but with a pointed cutting edge). However, on difficult and rocky soils, tips of other shapes can also be used.
Drill pipes- thick-walled steel pipes with locks that will allow the drill tip to descend to a considerable depth.

If some of the soil between the surface and the aquifer has a high density, a tripod and a driving glass are used. With the help of a simple lever, a glass with pointed edges is raised and dropped over and over again to the bottom of the well; with each lift, it is cleared of soil driven into it.

Hint: a tripod with a lever will not be superfluous for ordinary drilling, since the price of a simple structure made of several steel pipes is not high. The lever will help remove a multi-meter drill string. A couple of tens of meters of pipe are heavy in themselves; the picture is aggravated by the mass of excavated soil and friction against the walls of the well.

Drilling itself without the use of heavy equipment is not only extremely tedious work, but also very time-consuming. In one pass, the drill tip travels from 10 centimeters to half a meter; then the entire column is removed (in this case the locks have to be disassembled), the tip is cleared of the excavated soil - and forward to further achievements.

How do you know you've reached the right depth? Exclusively based on the condition of the excavated soil. When drilling into sand, you don't just need to get to the aquifer: the drill must go through it and go at least a meter into the water-impermeable clay underneath.

After the result is achieved, the next stage begins - casing the well.

Casing

She will have to keep the walls of the well from crumbling, create a permanent channel for raising water and (if necessary) removing the pump. In addition, the lower section of the casing serves as a filter.

What does a well look like in a summer cottage when moving from bottom to top, from the bottom to the surface?

A section of casing pipe with blank walls. It is located below the aquifer; 10-15 centimeters of crushed stone are often poured into it as drainage.
A filter section equipped with a mesh or fine perforation. Usually it is about a meter long.
Blind pipe all the way to the surface.

When drilling into sand, an inexpensive plastic pipe is usually used - polyethylene or PVC. It can be solid or assembled with threaded locks. Rigidity and wall thickness are welcome; the diameter of the pipe is at least a centimeter smaller than the diameter of the well.

The material of this pipe is polyvinyl chloride.

After the casing is lowered, it is better to fix it in the well in any way. Light plastic tends to be gradually squeezed out by soil; It is clear that in this case the bare walls of the well begin to quickly float. The simplest option is to use a pair of fastening clamps and several spacers between them and the walls of the pit.

Almost all country mansions have an autonomous water supply. People who have earned enough money to equip their home the way they want do not want to depend on chance. They make sure to install their own water well and in the future do not even think about scheduled repairs or bursting rotten pipes.

Water wells are expensive, and neither is their installation; they are unlikely to quickly pay for themselves. But for residents of the private sector and for the rural population, their arrangement is often a necessary measure due to the lack of centralized water supply. At the dacha, you also want to have uninterrupted access to water; it is needed for watering, cooking and hygiene procedures.

There are different aquifers. The types of wells for water depend on the depth from which you will extract it.

Layout of aquifers and placement of water intake structures relative to them.

Sandy spring

Typically, the depth of aquifer sand does not exceed 50 m. Summer installation of a water well will solve the issue of supplying a small house, a summer cottage, and watering a vegetable garden.

If the average daily water flow does not exceed 1.5 cubic meters per hour, installing a shallow water intake structure is just what is needed.

A sandy summer well has the following advantages:

low cost;
high speed of installation work;
the ability to install a water well with your own hands;
no need to use large equipment;
water in sandy layers is cleaner than in a well.

Disadvantages include:

a water horizon depth of 50 m does not guarantee the purity of drinking water - it contains the more impurities and aggressive compounds the closer the industrial zone or large populated area is;
low productivity;
short service life - it is used for about 10 years.

This option for arranging a well is good in a country house; it is not suitable for serving a large area or a large family.

Artesian spring

It is best to equip an artesian well on a large area, which must be installed at a depth of 100 m or more. If it produces about 10 cubic meters of water per hour, this will be enough for both irrigation and the needs of a large house.

Advantages of an artesian well:

high performance;
long service life (about 50 years);
high degree of natural filtration.

Flaws:

high cost;
the need to attract qualified specialists for drilling and installation at all stages of well development.

Abyssinian well

This method of collecting water is also called a “sand well.” It is distinguished by the use of a small diameter casing pipe - inch (inner diameter - 25 mm). The Abyssinian well pumps water from a sandy aquifer 10-18 m deep using the suction principle. Its advantages:

lowest cost;
the ability to build a well on your own in 5-10 hours;
if the thickness of the aquiferous sand layer is small, a large-diameter pipe simply will not be able to “catch” it;
service life – about 30 years;
compactness.

Disadvantages include:

impossibility of construction in places with low groundwater levels;
the water quality is lower than in artesian or sandy springs, which is due to the ingress of groundwater into it;
low productivity - from 0.5 to 3 cubic meters per hour.

Well equipment

Before you install a water well, you need to choose the right equipment. Let us immediately note that excessive savings in this matter are fraught with troubles and huge costs in the future. It is better to use reliable equipment from trusted manufacturers for the well immediately, so as not to spend money on repairs or replacement later.

Buy only new components. Please note the availability of hygiene certificates, warranty cards and technical documentation of the devices. This is especially important if you will carry out at least part of the installation work yourself - you will need all the instructions and diagrams.

Water has always been and is one of the necessary elements of life. And even the very first settlements tried to be created on...

Approximate list of equipment

A fully equipped water well primarily consists of:

protecting the mine from casing pipe collapse;
a caisson or other shelter designed to protect automatic equipment from flooding and contamination of the well;
well head;
a pump, without which water simply will not flow through the pipes;
pressure pipe.

In addition, you will need:

control system and control devices;
hygroscopic braided submarine cable;
stainless steel cable;
fastenings for cables and cables;
pressure gauge;
pressure meter;
hydraulic accumulator;
shut-off valves;
taps;
filters.

Pump equipment

The main element of equipment for a water well is a pump. It is this that ensures the rise and uninterrupted supply of water from the well. The equipment set must necessarily include a pumping station or submersible pump.

Pumping station

In areas with close groundwater, it is best to install a pumping station. It is a whole set of external equipment for a well - the pump itself, a hydraulic accumulator with a volume of 10-500 liters and automation.

The water storage tank is divided by a rubber membrane and equipped with relays that regulate the pressure in the tank. When the capacity is full, the pump turns off, and when the water flows out, it turns on. It can work both by supplying water directly to the system and when the liquid level in the tank drops below a certain level, periodically replenishing its “reserves”.

The pumping station is used in the following cases:

with a well depth of up to 10 m;
the casing pipe is narrow, it is not possible to find a submersible pump of the required size;
the water level is less than necessary to install a deep-well pump.

Of course, the pumping station is noisy, and the depth from which it can draw water is limited.

Submersible pump

It will be needed for a well whose depth exceeds 10 m. When purchasing a deep-well pump, it is not enough to choose a reliable, high-quality device. It is necessary to correctly calculate the necessary characteristics - productivity and maximum pressure. They depend on the depth and diameter of the well, the length and diameter of the pipes, and peak water flow rates in the house and on the site during irrigation. For uninterrupted operation, you may need a pump with an operating pressure of 1.5 to 3.5 atmospheres.

The well is one of the most important dacha communications. It serves many purposes: household needs, watering the garden,…

Hydraulic accumulator

A water reservoir may be included with the pumping station, or may have to be purchased separately. The main purpose of the hydraulic accumulator is to maintain the operating water pressure in the system. Thanks to it, the pump operates with less load. Water is pumped from the well into the tank, and from there it is supplied under pressure to the connection points. When the liquid level in the reservoir drops below a certain minimum, the pump turns on again.

All currently produced devices have approximately the same design and functions, differing only in the material from which they are made (stainless steel or food-grade plastic) and volume (10-1500 l).

By volume, hydraulic accumulators are:

Membrane - small volume tanks equipped with a check valve and pressure gauge. Their task is only to ensure normal pressure in the water supply system.
Storage tanks are large containers that can not only maintain operating pressure, but also provide the family with the necessary supply of water during power outages.

The hydraulic accumulator must be placed high - on the second floor (if there is one), in the attic. If necessary, the tank must be insulated to prevent it from freezing in winter.

Caisson

Installing a water well with your own hands implies mandatory protection of the equipment from external influences. A caisson is a simple and practical waterproof structure that protects the water intake system from contamination, freezing and provides access to the well.

You can buy it, or you can make it yourself. A caisson is a sealed container similar to a barrel, most often 2-2.5 m high, with a diameter of about a meter. It usually houses filters for water purification, automation, a membrane accumulator, pressure gauges, relays and other equipment, which saves space in the house. Sometimes a pumping station is placed in the caisson.

Most often, most of the structure is placed underground and equipped with a lid that ensures tightness.

The caisson can be plastic or metal. Previously, its functions were performed by reinforced concrete rings. They are, of course, durable, but it is impossible to install them without special equipment, and besides, the weight of the rings causes the ground to sag.

Well head

This design covers the upper part of the casing and is a kind of cover that protects the well from debris and melt water. A submersible pump is attached to the head on a cable; power cables and a pressure pipe pass through it. To design a well, steel, cast iron and plastic are most often used.

Accessories:

protective cover;
rubber ring;
flange made of plastic or metal;
carbine;
fastener

Which pipes are better

When installing a water supply system on a site, one must not forget about the pipes for the well. When drilling, a casing is installed, which protects against the collapse of the well wall and the penetration of mined rock into the borehole. Pipes for water wells are hermetically connected to each other and prevent poorly purified water from entering the water supply system from the upper horizons.

The casing string withstands heavy loads during operation and must have mechanical strength, resistance to corrosion and withstand high pressure. The material from which it is made is of great importance. Let's look at this issue in detail so you can determine which pipe is best to use.

Asbestos cement pipes

Pipes made from asbestos cement are one of the longest and most frequently used for the construction of water supply systems. Their main advantage is their resistance to corrosion. Let's look at other supposed benefits:

Low cost. Yes, they are cheap. But the delivery of asbestos-cement pipes to the site will cost you a pretty penny. And also their installation. And for asbestos-cement pipes, wells of the largest diameters are needed, since they have very thick walls for strength.
Durability. The question is, of course, interesting. If everything goes well, these pipes will last longer than the stated 50 years. But asbestos cement is very fragile, after installation of the structure any work in them is excluded. Whether the aquifers shift or the well silts up, there is nothing you can do.
Asbestos cement is considered safe for health. But when purchasing products made from it, you must make sure that the brand allows you to use pipes for drinking water.

Due to the characteristics of the material, asbestos-cement pipes are used only as casing columns in artesian wells up to 100 m deep; they cannot be used in sand.

Steel pipes

If we talk about which pipes are best for a well, the answer is clear - made of steel, with a wall thickness of at least 6 mm:

Their service life is 50 years. It usually takes the same amount of time to develop a well.
When interacting with water, the metal does not emit elements harmful to humans. Even if rust gets into the water, it can be easily removed with a simple household filter.
It is difficult to damage a metal pipe during installation and operation.
It can be installed where groundwater is deep and on sand.
Drilling operations can be carried out inside steel pipes.

Their only drawback is the price that increases every year.

Plastic pipes

Plastic has relatively recently begun to be used as a material for pipes:

uPVC – unplasticized polyvinyl chloride;
PP – polypropylene;
HDPE – low-density polyethylene.

Plastic pipes have a number of advantages:

low cost;
resistance to corrosion;
ease of installation.

It is non-toxic and does not break down in the soil.

Flaws:

plastic pipes are fragile;
they are not suitable for so-called “difficult” soils, including sand;
after installation, no work is allowed in plastic casing pipes;
maximum well depth is 60 m.

Stainless steel, galvanized, enamel

Regarding galvanized pipes, let’s say right away that their installation is allowed only in wells for industrial water. It has long been established that when oxidized they release zinc oxide, which is dangerous to humans.

Enameled pipes are made from thin-walled pipes that are coated with enamel. It is impossible to install them without damaging the fragile coating; therefore, such expensive pipes will rust very quickly.

Installing stainless steel pipes as casing is simply wasteful. They are very expensive; it makes sense to use them only in cases where the possibility of corrosion must be absolutely excluded.

Construction of water wells

After the casing pipe has been installed in the well drilled underwater, you can begin to equip it.

Well piping

In order for the well not to create problems for the owners and to serve for a long time, it is necessary to protect it from dirt, melt and rain water, and exposure to low or high temperatures. At the same time, there must be free access to the hydraulic structure for repair and maintenance. To ensure the above conditions, a set of measures is carried out called water well piping.

Of course, if there is a heated room nearby in which all the equipment can be hidden, piping is not needed. Sometimes in large mansions a well is made simultaneously with the construction of the house, and it is located in the basement or in one of the utility rooms.

Stone pit

The most budget-friendly option for protecting a well is a pit similar to a simple cellar with protected walls and a ceiling (preferably concrete, lined with brick or plastic). It’s easy to make a pit yourself from scrap materials. The main thing is to correctly calculate the volume, because it should not only fit all the equipment, but also the person performing the maintenance.

For areas where groundwater rises above 3 m, a pit is not suitable, since in the spring it can simply flood.

Downhole adapter

One of the newest inventions for constructing water wells is the brass well adapter. One part of it is fixedly attached to the casing, and the other is connected by a coupling to a water pipe, to which the pump is suspended. All equipment is installed directly in the column, which makes the well invisible.

But to use the adapter, the following conditions must be met:

the casing pipe must also be a production one, drilled into one string;
the casing pipe can only be steel, since asbestos-cement pipes cannot be used as operational (water supply) pipes, moreover, it is impossible to cut into them, and plastic is easily deformed;
water pipes must be located at a depth below the freezing level of the soil.

Please note that the adapter will need to be cleaned occasionally.

Caisson installation

By and large, a caisson is a factory-made pit. For it, first of all, they dig a hole of such a size that after installation there remains at least 30 cm to the walls. The neck should rise above the ground level by at least 10 cm (so that melt and rain water do not get inside).

Holes are cut out in the caisson for pipes: casing and water pipes. Concrete is poured into a layer of approximately 15 cm at the bottom of the pit and the container is lowered on top so that it stands level and the holes are in the right place.

The casing pipe is cut off and water pipes are installed. In a metal caisson, all joints between the container and pipes are welded, in a plastic caisson they are hermetically connected with special heads.

Empty spaces on the sides are covered with soil or filled with concrete, and if necessary, the neck is insulated.

Installation of equipment

If all the previous work can be done independently, then it is better to entrust the installation of devices to professionals. The equipment is expensive, if installed incorrectly, breakdowns cannot be avoided, and the combination of water and electricity is very dangerous.

Pump installation

First of all, you need to clean the well and pump the dirty water. This is done until absolutely clean, sediment-free water comes out. A submersible pump cannot be used in this case. Get a pump or other less expensive equipment.

The pump is lowered into the casing pipe on a stainless steel cable, which will then be attached to the head. It should be completely immersed in water, but not reach the bottom of the well at least a meter. At the same time as the pump, a water intake pipe and a power cable in a sealed braid are installed.

Head fastening

Only after installing the pump can the head be mounted, onto which the cable with the pump is attached with a carabiner. A pipe is passed through it to collect water.

The head is placed on the casing pipe and secured with eye bolts, two are on the outside of the cap, one is on the inside.

Installation of a hydraulic accumulator

As noted above, the water intake tank can have a volume from 10 to 1500 liters. Naturally, the storage tank must be equipped in the house, and the membrane tank must be installed in a caisson or pit. The main thing is that there is free access to it for maintenance.

Along with the installation of the hydraulic accumulator, a check valve is installed along the water flow. To reduce vibration, it is good to strengthen the tank with a rubber seal.

Control System Installation

If there is the slightest doubt that you can install the automation yourself, entrust the work to a specialist. It is better to entrust the installation of the control system to the selling company, so that if malfunctions are detected there will be no complaints about the installation.

In order for the source to serve you for the maximum period, you also need to remember to correctly calculate its debit or productivity. To do this, take into account the static and

Construction of a well in a country house

Legal information on well development

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, underground water resources are classified as minerals. Their use is regulated by Law No. 2395-1 of February 21, 1992 “On Subsoil”.

In order not to delve into legislative norms, we briefly note that for personal needs you can use water from aquifers lying at least 100 m (standardized depth of artesian water). In fact, the artesian aquifer can be located at a depth of 40 m, and the extraction of water from it must be protected by a license and subject to high taxes.

When installing a well in a private house, it is prohibited:

use the aquifer if it is a source of centralized water supply;
take more than 100 cubic meters of water per day (when constructing a well designed for several objects, standards from SP 30.13330.2012 are used, such work is carried out after inspection by state supervision, and water production must be licensed);
sell it, or use it for any commercial activity;
equip accompanying underground structures deeper than 5 m.

Types of wells by soil type and drilling depth

In most regions of the western part of the Russian Federation, upper sand aquifers fall under these requirements. Therefore, a well for water up to this layer is called a well for sand.

The use of artesian water requires special permission from the local office of the Ministry of Water Resources. Unlike the upper aquifers, the water in the artesian limestone layer is under pressure and flows upward by gravity. Drilling and installation of an artesian water well can only be carried out by organizations with a special license.

In sandy and loose layers, a filter is used. It should retain the soil rock and prevent the soil from eroding away around the water intake site. The filter is a piece of casing pipe with many drilled holes covered with a fine mesh. If the aquifer is strong enough and no mechanical impurities enter the pump, you can do without it.

Well equipment

To extract water from underground you will need a number of required elements:

casing;
perforated pipe or intake filter;
pump;
head.

In addition, the construction of a well at the dacha may include a caisson or pipe insulation, a well adapter or a hydraulic accumulator.

Insulation of wells for year-round water supply

Insulating equipment for a well is necessary for uninterrupted water supply at subzero air temperatures. To do this, install a caisson buried in the ground below the freezing level of the soil.

The shape and volume of the caisson is selected based on the dimensions of the equipment placed in it. Usually the following is placed in the caisson:

hydraulic accumulator;
suction pump (at a depth of the aquifer not lower than 8 m from the pump level);
automation systems.

The second common option is to use a well adapter and lay a water pipe to the house below the freezing level.

In what cases is a hydraulic accumulator necessary?

The main purpose of the hydraulic accumulator is to smooth out hydraulic shock loads when turning on the pump and to facilitate its activation. Currently, there are high-capacity hydraulic accumulators that can partially serve as a water storage tank.

However, complete emptying of such an adapter leads to incorrect operation of the automation and emergency pump start mode. Therefore, in places with frequent power outages, it is necessary to use an additional storage tank located several meters above the installation site of the water taps.

Choosing equipment for a water well

To select everything necessary for the normal supply of water from a well, it is necessary to carry out calculations, taking into account the following factors:

average daily and maximum water consumption taking into account irrigation, household expenses, additional costs;
depth of the aquifer;
own pressure in an artesian well if deep drilling is planned;
casing diameter;
nature of the aquifer.

To facilitate the selection of equipment, you can be guided by information on average daily water consumption. Average flow characteristics of some household water intake points: toilet - 1.3 l/min; shower - 8-10 l/min; kitchen sink - 8.5 l/min.

The standard pressure in a water pipe is 4 atmospheres, although 2 atm is sufficient for domestic use. (1 atm is equal to the pressure of a water column 10.19 m high).

The maximum suction depth for a suction pump is no more than 8-8.5 m.
The capacity of the storage tank is selected based on average daily consumption.
The pump performance should not exceed the maximum flow rate in the well.

The submersible pump is selected according to the desired height of water rise, including the height of the storage tank above ground level. The lifting height and operating capacity of the pumps are indicated in the manufacturers' catalogs and in the passport of the product itself.

Well development stages

After drilling the well, construction begins. These works include:

digging up the casing and installing a caisson;
flushing and pumping up the well;
installation of the pump and adjustment of its automation;
installation of the head;
connecting the pump to the water pipe;
connecting electricity and fully checking the operation of the entire system.

It is recommended to trust specialists to drill a well in a dacha. But if you wish, you can do the work yourself. You can read about how to do this in our article.

How to choose a contractor for work

A licensed contractor should have complete information (hydrogeological map) about the aquifers in your area. Moreover, this information must be provided to you before work begins.

If the contractor equips the well with his own materials, ask for certificates for them. The contract should clearly state who is doing the excavation work, which company is providing the equipment for the wells, and other contractors involved.

The process of flushing and pumping a water well can take several days, so the end goal should be a normal supply of clean water, and not just drilling a hole in the ground. Also ask whether the contractor prepares a passport for the well he has made, and what specific deviations in operation are covered by his warranty.

The main operating cost item is the cost of power supply to the pump. Therefore, the cost of water supply can be easily calculated from the cost of electricity in your area.

The service life of a well depends on the regularity and intensity of water pumping. After this, the source silts up (clogged), the flow rate (water pressure or pressure) drops significantly and it is necessary to do flushing and “boosting,” which may require additional costs.

Sometimes the water goes to another horizon and the well becomes inoperative. This happens extremely rarely, but in this case, the costs of drilling, as well as the replacement of worn-out equipment, are taken into account again.

You can read about how to clean a well with your own hands in our material.

Bottom line

Installing a water well is a complex and responsible job. Therefore, it is best to entrust it to professionals. Independent drilling and installation of equipment is possible only if you have the experience and necessary knowledge.